├PARA ╗PAR@ ` ïTEXT ` }Tarbell, Ida Minerva1857╨1944journalistBorn on November 5, 1857, in Erie County, Pennsylvania, Ida Tarbell grew up in Rouseville and Titusville and attended public schools. In 1880 she graduated from Allegheny College in Meadville, Pennsylvania. After teaching for two years in the Union Seminary in Poland, Ohio, she became an associate editor of the Chautauquan in 1883. She resumed her studies at the Sorbonne and the College de France in Paris in 1891╨1894 and during that time helped support herself by contributing articles to Scribners, McClure╒s, and other magazines. On her return to the United States in 1894 she was personally persuaded by S. S. McClure to join the staff of his magazine. Her highly successful series of articles on the life of Napoleon was issued in volume form as A Short Life of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1895 and sold 100,000 copies. Her Life of Madame Roland followed in 1896 and The Life of Abraham Lincoln, based on another McClure╒s series, in 1900. She also collaborated with Charles A. Dana on his Recollections of the Civil War, 1898. Tarbell╒s exhaustively researched series of 19 articles on the Rockefeller oil interests and the growth of the Standard Oil trust was collected in The History of the Standard Oil Company, two volumes, 1904. The articles and the book aroused public opinion and led to federal investigations into the activities of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, which was ultimately dissolved in 1911 under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. The articles also helped to define a growing trend to investigation, exposÄ, and crusading in liberal journals of the day, a technique that came to be known as muckraking (Theodore Roosevelt╒s characterization, intended disparagingly but happily adopted by the muckrakers). In 1906 she left McClure╒s and with Lincoln Steffens, Ray Stannard Baker, Finley Peter Dunne, William Allen White, and others purchased the American Magazine, of which she was associate editor until 1915. From 1915 to 1932 she made regular lecture tours on the Chautauqua circuit. Tarbell╒s later books included The Tariff in Our Times, from a series for the American Magazine, 1911, The Business of Being a Woman, 1912, New Ideals in Business, 1916, The Rising of the Tide, a novel, 1919, Peacemakers╤Blessed and Otherwise, 1922, The Life of Elbert H. Gary, 1925, Owen D. Young, 1932, The Nationalizing of Business, 1878-1898, 1936, and All in the Day╒s Work, her autobiography, 1939. She also wrote several more books on Lincoln, including In Lincoln╒s Chair, 1920, Boy Scouts╒ Life of Lincoln, 1921, In the Footsteps of the Lincolns, 1924, and Reporter for Lincoln, 1927. She attended White House conferences on industry in 1919 and unemployment in 1921. She took no part in the woman suffrage movement and in 1915 declined to join the U.S. delegation aboard Henry Ford╒s ╥Peace Ship.╙ She died in Bridgeport, Connecticut, on January 6, 1944. styl ` @ ! ¬ 5¬ 5¬ + !I f !I q !I !I % !I ' !I 0 !I # !I E !I l !I ü !I ù !I ▓ !I ┼ !I ╬ !I !I !I ! !I 1 !I ; 5¬ < !I ╧ !I ÷ !I !I !I ç !I ÿ !I 5¬ !I 7 !I N !I f !I w !I !I £ !I ñ !I ║ !I ┬ !I ┼ !I ╞ !I ╪ !I Θ !I
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